Post Modernism vs. Modernism - 870 Words

Modernism vs. Post Modernism The ideas of modernism and post modernism are fundamentally different. Modernism is the belief that human beings can improve their environment, using scientific knowledge, technology and putting all of those things into practice. Modernism is prevalent in the field of arts. The concept of post modernism looks at the ideas behind modernism and questions whether they really exist. (wikipedia) Modernism began in the early 1800s. It emerged with Manet and Baudelaire in painting and literature respectively. It was initially called avant-garde and today it means to change the current state of being. In the late 1800s developments in science and technology dominated most of modernist thoughts. Some of the†¦show more content†¦Logically this makes post modernist thought eligible for scrutiny under its own rules. Some of the post modern thinkers are Martin Heidegger and Michel Foucault. Michael Foucault wrote We must see our rituals for what they are: com pletely arbitrary things, tired of games and irony, it is good to be dirty and bearded, to have long hair, to look like a girl when one is a boy (and vice versa); one must put in play, show up, transform, and reverse the systems which quietly order us about. As far as I am concerned, that is what I try to do in my work. Heidegger added: ...thinking begins only when we have come to know that reason, glorified for centuries, is the most stiff-necked adversary of thought. (Chagani) These two proponents of post modernism were concerned that thinking would be limited by the standards set in society. They believed that breaking away from these norms was the only way to continue growing. Chagani, Fayaz (1998). Post Modernism. Retrieved December 4, 2006, from Geocities Web site: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Agora/9095/postmodernism.html Post Modernism. Retrieved December 4, 2006, from Wikipedia Web site: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_modernism Modernism. Retrieved December 4, 2006, from Wikipedia Web site:Show MoreRelatedModernism vs. Post-Modernism1338 Words   |  6 PagesModernism  sociologically, is a discipline that arose in direct response to the social problems of modernity (Harriss 2000, 325); the term most generally refers to the social conditions, processes, and discourses of 1438-1789 and extending to the 1970s or later (Toulmin 1992, 3–5). Modernity may also refer to tendencies in intellectual culture, particularly the movements intertwined with secularization and post-industrial  life, such as  Marxism,  existentialism, and the formal establishment of  socialRead More Modernism vs Neo-Traditionalism Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pa ges Modernism vs Neo-Traditionalism: A debate on the merits and failures of two major competing paradigms in architecture and urban planning. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Beyond the term modernism underlies one of the greatest ideas in architectural development. Modernism was meant to provide more green areas, cheaper housing and more efficient use of space. This was to be accomplished by creating vertically dense spaces with the use of the new inventions of the nineteenth century, such as steel, glassRead MoreModernism Versus Postmodernism918 Words   |  4 PagesModernism vs. Postmodernism Post-modernism follows and shares many of the same ideas as modernism. Though, at the same time, they differ in many ways. These distinctions can be seen in the two works of literature, â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller and â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross† by David Mamet. â€Å"Death of a Salesman† represents the modernist literature. Modernism is a style of literature that came about after World War I in Europe. It emerged in the United States in the late 1920s. ModernismRead MorePostmodernism : Modernism And Postmodernism2457 Words   |  10 PagesThis paper outlines, argues and evaluates the key ideas used in debates about modernism and postmodernism. In order to understand and evaluate the key ideas the terms modernism and postmodernism had to be defined. I found much difficulty in finding a clear and concise definition of the two terms and so I researched and formed a train of thoughts into one definition. Modernism, beginning in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century within Europe and America, was a movement mainly pioneeredRead MoreThe Contributions of Post Development Theory3644 Words   |  15 Pagespolitical ideologies. This was the moment also to commence to make some certain judgments regarding the project of development and its basic tenets which led to the raise of the new approach called Post Development (PD) theory. PD has also some common roots and values in the fundamentals of Post-modernism as well. These theories emerged during the 1980s and reached their climax during 1990s. However, since the rise of these theories, in the development agenda, some critiques and debates has come outRead MoreModernist Modernism : High Modernism Vs. Low Modernism1944 Words   |  8 Pages Modern or Modernist? High Modernism vs. Low Modernism Damian Sun 1238719 University of Waikato â€Æ' Modernism was a movement that was developed during the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Modernism developed due to the changes happening in societies at the time. Around the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century there was a rise in the industrial society’s where there were advancements in technologies and machines, and a rapid growths in cities. This lead to aRead MoreThe Developments Of The Twentieth Century Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe emergence of the anti-aesthetic was key to these developments, challenging society the conventions of traditional â€Å"high art†. The change in medium-specificity also questioned society as to what defined art? Artists approached these shifts in modernism by embracing and accepting the modernizations in the world. These new accommodations of the world are seen in the works of art by Marcel Duchamp, with his Fountain, Andy Warhol’s 100 Cans, and Robert Morris Untitled. Artists would be inc ompatibleRead MoreEssay about Walter Gropius and The Bauhaus Movement1312 Words   |  6 Pages Simplicity vs. over simple? The Bauhaus, meaning house of construction was the most influential art school that combined the fine arts and the crafts as one. The Bauhaus was a modernist movement founded in 1919 by Walter Gropius in Weimar Yet, the Memphis Group was a post modernist movement. Established by Ettore Sottsass, the Memphis Group was a group of Italian designers and architects. Founded in Milan in 1981, the group challenged the perception of ‘good design’ through ornamental pieces. TheRead MoreNational Identity- A Semse of a Nation as a Cohesive Whole Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pagesbrings back the national identity of a country, no matter how subtle it may be. Architectural styles have constantly been challenged and questioned throughout history so why cant this one? A key issue that arises from this is the idea of Preservation vs Modernisation. Preservation is a key aspect in keeping a national identity but this should not hold back the evolution of a country. Sentimentality should not take centre stage and preservation should only be acknowledged if the architecture can fulfilRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of Postmodernism713 Words   |  3 Pagesdisciplines, postmodernism arose in response to the dominant idea of modernism, which is described as the social condition of living in an urban, fast-changing progressivist world governed by instrumental reason. Postmodernism or postculturalism, a term often also used, offer a very different and much more radical version of constructivism. They are strongly opposed to the universalist premises of realism, liberalism, Marxism and post-Marxism, and are highly critical of the general phenomenon of the

Adoptive v. Birth Parents Legal Rights Essay - 708 Words

Adoptive v. Birth Parents Legal Rights This issue hits home with me, I am adopted. I believe that a childs parents are the people who raise them and take care of them. I do not believe that birth parents have any rights to their children after the child has been adopted and living with their adoptive parents. The biological parents made a decision when they put the child up for adoption, for whatever the reason may have been. Just because they feel that their lives are more stable and together does not give them the right to rip a child from the only parents that child knows. By doing this the biological parents destroy not only the life of the child but also the lives of the adoptive parents who have worked so hard to have†¦show more content†¦Confronted with this decision, The DeBoers successfully persuaded a Michigan state trial judge to enter a custody order in their favor, only to have the Michigan court of Appeals declare that the court in Michigan was without jurisdiction to act. The publicity abrupt ly halted when the Michigan Supreme Court entered its order on July 2, 1993, requiring that Baby Jessica be returned to her biological parents. (Baron, 72) In the Baby Jessica case, the birthmother intentionally identified the wrong man as the birth father. The adoptive parents took custody believing they had the consent of the birthfather, only to find out later that the real birthfather objected to the adoption. As a result of this case, state courts are recognizing that even when there is consent from a man who pretends to be a childs father, greater efforts must be made to identify others that may claim to be the father and steps must be taken to terminate their rights. (Gray, 18) Baby Richards Case was riddled with even more deception than Baby Jessicas was. When Daniela Kirchner gave up her newborn son in March of 1991, she was angry that her then boyfriend (and now husband), Otakar, had left her two weeks before the baby was born and returned to Czechoslovakia. She believed r umors that he had run off with an old girlfriend. He believed her story that the baby was dead, even though Oto and Daniela had lived together for the first eight and a half months of her pregnancy. She refused to discloseShow MoreRelatedShould Adoption Be Legal?1205 Words   |  5 PagesThis topic is possibly the worst fear that adoptive parents can face. There is no law nationally that pertains to giving back parental rights to a mother, or couple after giving up them up for adoption, instead it is decided on a state law to state law basis. When adoption is decided it is key for the mother to be giving up her parental rights voluntarily. In many states there is a waiting period for a mother to change her mind, and regain the parental rights. For example, according to Indiana CodeRead MoreAdoption, Domestic And International Adoption Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pagesreasons why parents should adopt is because it helps get kids out of foster care, adopted families have all the same rights as families formed from birth, and adopting a child helps parents start a family if they can’t get pregnant. Although some people think that having their own child is better, adoption is better because it gives children new and permanent homes, also it helps parents start a family. Furthermore, adoption is a way for children who cannot be cared for by their birth parents to becomeRead MoreLegal Issues For Gay And Lesbian Adoption And Parental Rights1626 Words   |  7 PagesDATE: October 13, 2015 RE: Legal Issues for Gay and Lesbian Adoption and Parental Rights Issue Although adoption can be difficult for any single person or married couple, adoption for the gay and lesbian population presents a unique set of challenges both societal and legal. Whether constitutional or not, special rules apply to same gay and lesbian adoption. Under current legislation, is same sex adoption fully legal and how do the laws on the subject measure with regardRead More800,000 people in UK have been adopted and it is reckoned that millions of others are affected by2200 Words   |  9 Pages800,000 people in UK have been adopted and it is reckoned that millions of others are affected by adoption. Adoption became legal in England and Wales in 1926. In some European countries there is practically no adoption. With exception of Indonesia, Malaysia, Somalia, Tunisia and Turkey, laws of most Muslim-majority states do not currently permit legal adoption. Islamic law does not even recognize the concept of adoption. In US 14% of adoptions are by relatives, whereas most adopt ers in Britain areRead MoreThe Ethical And Moral Issues Of The Adoption Essay2140 Words   |  9 Pages With adoption there are often many issues that can arise. The issues during an adoption can range from ethical, moral, to legal issues. One might think there could be many legal issues when it comes to an adoption, but not many may think of the ethical and moral issues that can come about in the adoption process. Ethical issues can arise in the post adoption process by the way of wrongful adoption liability. This issue pertains to two categories, fraud as the basis for wrongful adoption, and negligenceRead MoreChild s Biological Relationships End2240 Words   |  9 Pagesadoption has an unimaginable consequence. That is, once they are adopted, they will likely lose the ability – and certainly the right – to have contact with their biological siblings, often for the remainder of their childhoods. Undoubtedly, from a legal standpoint â€Å"once an unrelated adoption takes place, the child’s previous ties are completely severed. For all practical and legal purposes, the child’s biological relationships end.† Adopted children face this heart-wrenching scenario despite the factRead MoreAdoptive Couple Vs. Baby Girl2077 Words   |  9 PagesAdoptive couple v. Baby Girl was a case that involved the biological parents of the baby girl in question. The biologica l mother Christy was Hispanic-Caucasian and, the father Mr. Brown, a member of a Cherokee Indian tribe. Congress had to step in due to the â€Å"ICWA† or the Indian Child Welfare Act that was passed in 1978 to prevent the illegal and harsh removal of Indian children from the tribes. This case was a huge battle in the Supreme Court between the biological father Dusten Brown and the adoptiveRead MoreAdoptions With An Emphasis On The Adoption Of Infants2157 Words   |  9 PagesUniversity of Central Florida Unrelated Adoptions with an Emphasis on the Adoption of Infants Introduction Adoption is the process in which an adult legally becomes the guardian to a child or children that are not biologically their own (Legal Information Institute, n.d.). Through adoption, a new family is created and rather than looking at it as one event—which many people mistakenly do—it is a lifelong process that has an effect on every aspect of all parties involved. While there areRead MoreEach year, there are thousands of children that are misplaced from their families and are seeking a2600 Words   |  11 Pagesremoved if there were instances of substantiated abuse or neglect, as in any other child abuse case. This was a problem for native Indian tribes because as many of the children who were raised in boarding schools and non-Native American foster or adoptive homes matured into adults, and the voice of lost Indian children was heard around the country. As a result, many Native American advocacy organizations complied the testimonies and proof of the alarming stati stics and presented this before CongressRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1127 Words   |  5 Pages Should Abortion be legal? People don’t like to touch this topic, because it reaches different levels. Some history about abortion; â€Å"prior to the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Roe v. Wade, and throughout a large portion of America’s history, states have vastly encumbered women’s right to an abortion†. Abortion was Legal in 1973 Supreme Court Decision. The Court held that â€Å"the abortion decision in all its aspects is inherently, and primarily, a medical decision, and basic responsibility

Christian evidences Essay Example For Students

Christian evidences Essay Christian EvidencesCHRISTIANITY AND BUDDHISMBuddhism was spawned in a Hindu environment, and therefore has some similarities to Hinduism. Just as is the case for Hinduism, there are countless forms and expressions of Buddhism. Many of the same criticisms that are used against Hinduism have been used against Buddhism. Buddha is a word which means awakened one. Buddhism began with a man who was given this title after he was asked whether he was a god, or an angel, or a saint, and he replied that he was none of these things, but that he was awake. Buddha(or Siddhartha Gautama of the Sakyas) was born in 560 B.C. in northern India, about 100 miles from Benares. He was born a prince, an heir to his fathers throne, but when he was born, the fortune tellers told the father that he was an unusual child, destined either to unite all of India into one kingdom, or, if he forsook the world, to become a world redeemer. Because of this, the child was brought up completely sheltered from all forms o f misery in the world, and he was given all of the pleasures that the world could offer. He was to be shielded from any contact with sickness, decrepitude, or death. However, one day, despitethe best efforts of the servants of the king, he saw an old man who was decrepit, broken-toothed, gray-haired, and bent of body, leaning on a staff, and trembling. From this, he learned the fact of old age. Shortly afterward, he saw a diseased body lying by the road, and later, a corpse. On a fourth occasion he saw a monk and he thus learned the possibility of withdrawal from the world. He said, Life is subject to age and death. Where is the realm of life in which there is neither age nor death? He became acutely aware of the evanescence of the things of the world. At the age of 29, he secretly left his fathers kingdom to begin a search for enlightenment. He learned from two of the foremost Hindu masters of his day, and, after six years, joined a band of ascetics. This taught him the futility of asceticism, and he therefore devoted himself to a combination of rigorous thought and mystic concentration along the lines of the fourth path of Hinduism, raja yoga. At one point, he seated himself beneath a fig tree (Bo tree) near Gaya in northeast India, and vowed that he would not arise until he had attained illumination. He felt that his being was transformed, and he emerged awakened. He was filled with rapture, and he therefore could not leave for seven days. On the eighth day he tried to arise, but he was lost again in bliss, and was not able to rise up for another 41 days. He experienced what he considered to be a speech-defying revelation that could not be translated into words. For the following forty-five years, he spread the ego-shattering, life- redeeming elixir of his message. He founded an order of monks, and inquirers came from many distant places, all of whom he welcomed. Many people were profoundly affected by Buddhas life and ministry. He felt that he had risen to a plane of knowledge far beyond that of anyone else in his time, and his followers felt that when they were with him they were in the presence of something very like omniscience incarnate.1 Although he was under constant pressure during his lifetime to allow himself to be worshipped as a God, he rebuffed it categorically, insisting that he was human in every respect. He seemed to have an unusual ability to discern character, and he was never taken in by hypocrisy or fraud. In conversation, he was always able to move on to that which was authentic and genuine. Buddha refused to talk about metaphysical questions: It is not on the view that the world is eternal, that it is finite, that body and soul are distinct, or that the Buddha exists after death that a religious life depends. Whether these views or their opposites are held, there is still rebirth, there is old age, there is death, and grief, lamentation, suffering, sorrow, and despair . . . I have not spoken to these views becaus e they do not conduce to absence of passion, tranquility, and Nirvana.2 Buddha said to his followers that when he was gone, he would really be gone; that they should not bother to pray to him. He was there only to point out the way to them. They had to work out their own salvation with diligence. Buddhas religion was devoid of miracles of any kind, and he condemned the use of divination, soothsaying, and fortune telling. Direct, personal experience was the final test for truth. His approach was essentially pragmatic, concerning exclusively with problem-solving. He made a formal declaration of four noble truths after his awakening. The first is that of the existence of suffering. He recognized that the affairs of mankind and of society are in the most imperfect state imaginable, and in a state of absolute misery almost bordering on chaos: Life in the condition it has got itself into is dislocated. Something has gone wrong. It has slipped out of joint. As its pivot is no longer true, its condition involves excessive friction (interpersonal conflict), impeded motion (blocked creativity), and pain.3 All of life is subject to the trauma of birth, the pathology of sickness, the morbidity of decrepitude, the phobia of death, being tied to that which one hates, such as disease, and being separated from that which one loves. Huston Smith writes: The First Noble Truth concludes with the assertion that the five skandas are painful. As these five skandas are body, sense, ideas, feelings, and consciousnessin short the sum total of what we regard as human life-his statement amounts to the thesis that the totality of human life in its usual condition is steeped in suffering. In some way life has become estranged from reality, and this estrangement precludes real happiness until it be overcome.4 The Second Noble Truth, that of the origin of suffering, explains the cause of lifes dislocation as the desire to seek fulfillment of our passions, needs, and wants. To become complet ely selfless removes this problem. Rare indeed is the man who is more concerned that the standard of life as a whole be raised than that his own salary be increased. And this, says Buddha, is why we suffer.5 According to the Third Noble Truth, that of the extinction of suffering, the cure of lifes disharmony lies in overcoming selfish craving. The Fourth Noble Truth, that of the Path that leads to the Extinction of Suffering, explains how this cure can be effected. Our release from this bondage can be accomplished by means of the Eightfold Path, by which a man is totallyremade and left a different being, cured of lifes crippling disabilities. The first step of the eightfold path is right understanding. One must believe in the truth of the Four Noble Truths. The second step is right thought or aspiration. We must be certain that we wish to attain total enlightenment. Third is right speech. We must notice any lack of charity in our speech and adjust our thinking accordingly. We must p roceed toward truth in everything we say. Behind our arguments and defenses is a fear of revealing to others and to ourselves what we really are. Such protective devices must be overcome. The fourth step is right action, or behavior. We must understand our behavior, reflect upon what we have done, and improve ourselves in accordance with the five precepts: do not kill, do not steal, do not lie, do not be unchaste, and do not drink intoxicants. The fifth step is right livelihood. We must be involved in a livelihood that promotes life instead of destroying it. Sixth is right effort. One must exercise the will in the effort to develop virtues and curb passions. Seventh is right mindfulness, or the use of the mind for continual self- examination. We must trace our moods and emotions to their causes and not allow them to influence us to do evil. The final step of Buddhisms Eightfold Path is right concentration, or right absorption, which is substantially the same as the series of techniq ues involved in Hinduisms fourth path, raja yoga, or the way to God through psychological exercises.6 Buddhisms similarity to the Hinduism out of which it was born becomes apparent when we come upon this final and most important step of the eightfold path. Buddhism looks upon this state of enlightenment as the ultimate answer to the problems of existence. As we compare Buddhism to Christianity it becomes immediately apparent that, even to a greater degree than Hinduism, Buddhism diagnoses beautifully the problem of human existence. Consider, for instance, the following comments on the First Noble Truth from The Word of the Buddha: Subject to decay, disease, death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair, the desire comes to them: O, that we were not subject to these things! O, that these things were not before us! But this cannot be got by mere desiring; and not to get what one desires, is suffering.7 Buddhism struggles for an answer to this problem, and does so as well as can be expected apart from revelation from God, but once again, christianity supplies the missing ingredient. It is the solution to the problems so clearly delineated by Buddhism. Of course the human condition is miserable. If, as it says in Genesis, man fell and brought the curse upon himself, then it is not at all surprising that, apart from revelation, Buddhism has been able to discern that there is something terribly wrong with the world in which we live. We live in terrible disharmony due to sin, and this is accompanied with illness, pain, decrepitude, suffering, and death. Buddhism rightly points out that there is a relationship between this suffering in all of its forms and selfishness, but it is not able to offer an explanation as to why these things are as they are. Christianity provides us with the answer to this question: Adam and Eve fell, bringing the curse upon all of mankind, along with suffering and death. Jesus Christ is the answer for which Buddha was looking.Christia nity provides the answers to all of the questions that Buddha pondered. Buddha sought the answer in Hinduism, because he did not know where else to look for answers. But about 480 years after the time of Buddhas death, Jesus was born. Redemption came to all of humanity through His death and resurrection about 33 years later. This redemption from the effects of the fall included redemption from sin, disease, pain, aging, and death. If the same Spirit that raised Christ from the dead dwells in us, He will quicken our mortal bodies, raising us to newness of life, both spiritually and physically. Because of its clear understanding of the true condition of fallen mankind, Buddhism provides one of the clearest evidences for the truth of the Christian revelation. It would not have been surprising at all if, had Buddha had met Christ, he would have become a Christian. Buddha understood mans dilemma, and he knew man needed to be freed from selfishness and death. Confronting Christ, he would probably have recognized immediately that he was beholding the very redemption for which he yearned and of which he had perhaps had a foretaste. Of course, there are major differences between Buddhism and Christianity. Buddhism is certainly indifferent to any personal creator. According to Buddhism, creation was the result of some primordial ignorance and willfulness incomprehensible to us. This negative view of creation stems from the realization of the reality of suffering in the created world. Christianity also acknowledges the depth of this suffering, but recognizes that it is due to mans fall. Prior to the fall, all that had been created was good. Thus, Christianity affirms the goodness of creation and the goodness of the God who created the universe, while Buddhism stumbles at this point. Another important difference between Buddhism and Christianity lies in Buddhas belief in reincarnation. The image he used to describe it was that of a flame being passed from candle to candle . It is not surprising that Hinduism and Buddhism adhered to the idea of reincarnation when one remembers that both of these religions acknowledged mans desire for infinite being (or eternal life), yet affirmed the reality of physical death. Since neither religion knew of the resurrection of the dead, the yearning for immortality found solace in the idea of the transmigration of souls. Of course, Christianity differs markedly from Hinduism and Buddhism with respect to salvation. Consider the following quotation from Nyanatilokas introduction to The Word of The Buddha: The Buddha is neither a god nor a prophet or incarnation of a god, but a supreme human being who through his own effort, attained to Final Deliverance and Perfect Wisdom, and became the peerless teacher of gods and men. He is a Saviour only in the sense that he shows men how to save themselves, by actually following to the end the Path trodden and shown by him.8 According to Christianity, man cannot save himself. Only God is able to save people. He is the active agent, and salvation is by the grace of God through faith in Jesus Christ and his atoning work. Through his or her own effort, a human being cannot save himself. In contrast, Hinduism and Buddhism purport to show others how to save themselves. 1 Huston Smith, p. 95. 2 Majjhima Nikaya, Sutta 63. 3 Huston Smith, p. 109. 4 Ibid., p. 110. 5 Ibid., p. 111. 6 Ibid., p. 118. 7 Nyanatiloka, The Word of The Buddha: An Outline of the Teaching of the Buddha in the Words of the Pali Canon(Kandy, Ceylon: Buddhist Publication Society, 1968), p.4. 8 Ibid., p. ix. who knows Essay

Unix (1679 words) Essay Example For Students

Unix (1679 words) Essay Unix?UNIX was the first operating system designed to run on ?dissimilar computers by converting most hardware specific commands in machine language into an independent programming language called ?C,? Jon Wolfe writes in the Nashville Business Journal. (Wolfe 29) UNIX was the basis of ATTs telephone system and the governments wide area network system. Then it became the basis of communication between engineers and scientists, and eventually the basis of communication for everyone worldwide (World Wide Web (Web)). It has held this remarkable spot since 1969. However, in the 1990s there are competitors in the market, namely, Microsoft Corporation with its Windows NT product. But UNIX-based software suppliers are not just turning over and letting the competitors win. UNIX supporters are many, and UNIX remains, and will remain a major player in the marketplace. We will write a custom essay on Unix (1679 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The unique advantage of the UNIX operating system when it was introduced was that it could (and still does) run on dissimilar machines, unheard of prior to 1969. UNIX also can run more than one program at a time, store complex graphics and databases, and link to other UNIX and mainframe computer systems, including DOS since the late 1980s. UNIX-based systems control various programs written by many companies to distribute information between multiple computers within the network. This minimizes user costs and eliminates system-wide hardware crashes. Some of the original UNIX programs are ?still evident today.? (Wolfe 29)UNIX was developed at ATT in 1969, primarily for controlling the phone network and handling government communications. Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Sun Systems, other U.S. companies and international companies now sell versions of UNIX that work best on their computers. UNIX at first worked over ARPnet, ?named after its sponsor from the Pentagon.? (Sembawang 1997). The ARPA network grew throughout the 1970s when computer networks from various organizations, both nationally and internationally, began to link to ARPAnet, mostly for transferring engineering and scientific research data. ?With the advent of satellite transmissions, the first international network connection was made with the University of London (England) and the Royal Radar Establishment of Norway in 1973.? (Sembawang 1997) In 1979, the National Science Foundation established the Computer Science Research Network (CSnet), which connected to ARPAnet through a gateway. This system was used for e-mail and sharing technical information. (Sembawang 1997)In the early 1980s, the NSF created its own network, NSFnet, which added educational links for schools and libraries. However, access to NSFnet was limited to these government or government research organizations. (Sembawang 1997)In 1992, NSF created Advanced Network and Services, Inc. (ANS), used to manage the NSFnet, which opened up the Inter net to everyone. ANS also opened up the potential for multimedia on the Internet through the World Wide Web. (Sembawang 1997)Once the potential was there, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN) began a project to create the international internet. The CERN project operated on TCP/IP transfer protocols developed inside a Berkeley UNIX system. The project was started in the mid-1980s and completed in 1990. By 1993, the internet had become a world-wide phenomenon. (Segal 1995)The Web allows users to easily browse through hypertext and multimedia located on various computers and main frame systems around the world. Prior to the CERN project, internet users had to know UNIX programming language and move around in a cumbersome UNIX shell environment. (Segal 1995)The Web can best be described as a ?global interactive, dynamic, cross-platform, distributed, graphical hypertext information system that operates over the internet. (Lemay 4) It operates on many protocols, including FTP, Gopher, UseNet, WAIS databases, and TELNET. Most of the text transferred over the internet is written in hypertext markup language (HTML). Graphics are transferred via standard generalized markup language (SGML) through the UNIX operating system. No one owns the web, but a consortium of U.S. and European individuals and organizations who support its operation, called the World Wide Web (W3) Consortium, established the protocols and languages that will be supported on the web. (Lemay 12). Popular browsers include Netscape, NCSA Mosaic, Lyna, MacWeb and WinWeb. A URL (home pages, BBSs, etc.) is a pointer to a posting on a Gopher, UseNet or FTP. All of these are currently transferred over the UNIX operating system. .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 , .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 .postImageUrl , .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 , .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4:hover , .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4:visited , .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4:active { border:0!important; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4:active , .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4 .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u15ac136378f1ae3aa9250d97a7d1d5d4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Shine Essay?Today, the Internet is still growing in terms of size and number of connections. It is estimated that there are now about 50 million Internet users worldwide, from as many as 100 countries.? (Sembawang 1997). UNIX has enjoyed a long, exclusive history, but Microsoft is trying to establish Windows NT as the premier Web server and replace UNIXs dominant position as the internets operating system. Although the internet was originally developed around UNIX, some companies who design software for the internet are becoming ?reluctant to embrace UNIX for this purpose.? (Harvey (74(2)) A major reason for moving to NT instead of UNIX is that the UNIX operating system is expensive, whereas Microsoft Windows NT is affordable to everyday users. (Harvey (74(2)). The other major advantage of Microsoft Windows NT is ?significantly easier to install and maintain.? (Harvey (74(2)). Also, UNIX requires additional utility software such as NetWare which is already built in to Microsoft Windows NT. (Harvey (74(2)). There are a few companies that have already switched to NT, such as Irvine, Californias Platinum Software Corp. However, they will lose 175 customers in the process who are tied into Sun Systems, which do not operate on Windows NT. ?A lot of Platinum UNIX customers are on Sun Microsystems, Inc. platforms,? Mark Lefneski, a Toronto independent consultant, said. (King 4) The cost of replacing that hardware is a strong consideration for most companies considering a switch to Microsoft Windows NT. Other users are not so quick to jump on the NT bandwagon. They believe that Microsofts BackOffice, ?which comprises the NT operating system and SQL Server database, will be less robust than the UNIX/Sybase combination.? (King 4). UNIX designers have responded to the competitive threat by upgrading software and hardware to run ?very large databases (VLDB).? (Nash 67) VLDBs can either store several hundred gigabytes or a few terabytes of data. UNIX retail companies are also reducing the price on hardware and software in combination with Informix Software, Inc. in Menlo Park, California, Oracle Corp. in Redwood Shores, California, and others. The reduced price ?makes VLDB a viable option for UNIX shops.? (Nash 67) Kim Nash, writing for Computerworld, states that UNIX still needs to develop software interfaces for planning and running even larger inventory systems. (Nash 67)TRW is working with a UNIX system that maps consumer credit histories better than current systems. TRWs system is a combined ?UNIX-based Oracle and mainframe-resident IBM DB2 databases.? (Nash 67) TRW is now using VLDBs to process transactions, whereas ?most UNIX-based VLDBs are used for data warehousing.? (Nash 67)Nash writes: ?todays craze for data warehousing the technology hula hoop of the 1990s that will result in UNIX users pushing the outer limits of database size, according to Richard Winter, an analyst at The Winter Corp., a consulting firm in Cambridge, Massachusetts.? (Nash 67) According to Winter, writes Nash, ?grocery stores, clothing chains, discounters and other consumer-oriented companies to find out why people buy what and when. ?Thats really just a series of sophisticated database queries on very large amounts of data, he said.? (Nash 67)Other enhancements enjoyed by UNIX upgrades include quicker file transfer. Jay Milne of Network Computing writes that when NFS (Network Filing System) is installed, UNIX speed is increased by placing the burden of file transfer on the UNIX serv er while program processing is still retained on individual workstations. Milne says that NFS is integrated in the UNIX operating system and is ?available on a variety of platforms, including Novell NetWare, Microsoft Windows NT, Digital VAX and IBM OS/2.? (Milne 162). UNIX systems are widely used by banking institutions and other public service industries as a means of doing business with their customers over the Internet. In one example, customers of Kansas City Power Light Co. in Kansas City, Missouri can access their accounts to determine how much electricity theyve used, and the company is experimenting with ?online bill payment.? (Wagner 59)Although the company sees security as a major concern, they find no reason to ?stay off-line.? The claim that internet security devices, such as encryption and firewalls are ?relatively safe? security devices. Mitch Wagner writing for Computerworld writes that ?Marriott and Kansas City Power ; Light shelter legacy systems from the Internet by allowing access only at ?mirror sites servers outside the firewall that contain duplicates of the data stored on internal sites. ?Its like having a lock on your door, said Ray Pasley, supervisor of network services at Kansas City Power ; Light.? (Wagner 59) Wagner wr ites, ?the risk of being off-line outweighs the risk of being online, because customers are increasingly demanding online access to data and will take their business to companies that have a dynamic online presence, Pasley said.? (Wagner 59)It is obvious that with public demand for internet services, combined with the fact that the internet is UNIX-based, there is no immediate threat to the UNIX operating system. UNIX has served many different government and scientific entities in the past and continues to be enhanced by software designers in order to better serve customers by being responsive to todays marketplace. UNIX serves, and will continue to serve the world through the Web. BibliographyWorks CitedLemay, Laura (1995). Teach Yourself Web Publishing with HTML In 14 Days. Sams.net. Indianapolis IN. .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 , .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 .postImageUrl , .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 , .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17:hover , .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17:visited , .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17:active { border:0!important; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17:active , .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17 .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5fd885637d4e4befe0f323de73677b17:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Animal cruelty EssayNash, Kim S. ?UNIX Databases Handling Larger Loads.,? Computerworld. (1995) : May, pp. 67. Segal, Ben. ?A Short History of Internet Protocols at CERN.,? CERN PDP-NS. (1995) : April. wwwcn.cern.ch/pdp/ns/ben/TCPhist.html. Sembawang Media (1997). www.cybertime.com.sg/us.html Wagner, Mitch. ?Firms: Open the store, lock the safe.,? Computerworld. (1997) : April, pp. 59. Wolfe, Jon. ?Enhancing skills takes more than a keystroke..,? Nashville Business Journal. Vol. 11. (1995) : August, pp. 29. Computers and Internet Essays

Biography of Christopher Columbus, Italian Explorer

Biography of Christopher Columbus, Italian Explorer Christopher Columbus (c. October 31, 1451–May 20, 1506) was an Italian explorer who led voyages to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. His exploration of these areas paved the way for European colonization. Since his death, Columbus has been criticized for his treatment of Native Americans in the New World. Fast Facts: Christopher Columbus Known For: Columbus completed four voyages to the New World on behalf of Spain, preparing the way for European colonization.Born: October 31, 1451 in GenoaDied: May 20, 1506  in Castile, Spain Early Life Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa (now Italy) in 1451 to Domenico Colombo, a middle-class wool weaver, and Susanna Fontanarossa. Though little is known about his childhood, it is assumed that he was well-educated because he was able to speak several languages as an adult and had considerable knowledge of classical literature. He is known to have studied the works of Ptolemy and Marinus, among others. Columbus first took to the sea when he was 14 years old, and he continued to sail throughout the rest of his youth. During the 1470s, he went on numerous trading trips that took him to the Aegean Sea, Northern Europe, and possibly Iceland. In 1479, he met his brother Bartolomeo, a mapmaker, in Lisbon. He later married Filipa Moniz Perestrello, and in 1480 his son Diego was born. The family stayed in Lisbon until 1485, when Columbus wife Filipa died. From there, Columbus and Diego moved to Spain, where Columbus began trying to obtain a grant to explore western trade routes. He believed that because the earth was a sphere, a ship could reach the Far East and set up trading routes in Asia by sailing west. For years, Columbus proposed his plans to the Portuguese and Spanish kings, but he was turned down each time. Finally, after the Moors were expelled from Spain in 1492, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella reconsidered his requests. Columbus promised to bring back gold, spices, and silk from Asia, to spread Christianity, and to explore China. In return, he asked to be made admiral of the seas and governor of discovered lands. First Voyage After receiving significant funding from the Spanish monarchs, Columbus set sail on August 3, 1492, with three ships- the Pinta, Nina, and Santa Maria- and 104 men. After a short stop at the Canary Islands to resupply and make minor repairs, the ships set out across the Atlantic. This voyage took five weeks- longer than Columbus had expected, as he believed the world was much smaller than it is. During this time, many of the crew members became ill and some died from diseases, hunger, and thirst. Finally, at 2 a.m. on October 12, 1492, sailor Rodrigo de Triana sighted land in the area of what is now the Bahamas. When Columbus reached the land, he believed it was an Asian island and named it San Salvador. Because he did not find any riches here, Columbus decided to continue sailing in search of China. Instead, he ended up visiting Cuba and Hispaniola. On November 21, 1492, the Pinta and its crew left to explore on its own. On Christmas Day, the Santa Maria wrecked off the coast of Hispaniola. Because there was limited space on the lone Nina, Columbus had to leave about 40 men behind at a fort they named Navidad. Soon after, Columbus set sail for Spain, where he arrived on March 15, 1493, completing his first voyage west. Second Voyage After the success of finding this new land, Columbus set sail west again on September 23, 1493, with 17 ships and 1,200 men. The purpose of this second journey was to establish colonies in the name of Spain, check on the crew at Navidad, and continue the search for riches in what Columbus still thought was the Far East. On November 3, the crew members sighted land and found three more islands: Dominica, Guadeloupe, and Jamaica, which Columbus thought were islands off of Japan. Because there were still no riches to be found, the crew went on to Hispaniola, only to discover that the fort of Navidad had been destroyed and the crew killed after they mistreated the indigenous population. At the site of the fort, Columbus established the colony of Santo Domingo, and after a battle in 1495 he conquered the entire island of Hispaniola. He then set sail for Spain in March 1496 and arrived in Cadiz on July 31. Third Voyage Columbus’s third voyage began on May 30, 1498, and took a more southern route than the previous two. Still searching for China, Columbus found Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, and Margarita on July 31. He also reached the mainland of South America. On August 31, he returned to Hispaniola and found the colony of Santo Domingo there in shambles. After a government representative was sent to investigate the problems in 1500, Columbus was arrested and sent back to Spain. He arrived in October and was able to successfully defend himself against the charges of treating both the locals and the Spaniards poorly. Fourth and Final Voyage Columbus final voyage began on May 9, 1502, and he arrived in Hispaniola in June. He was forbidden from entering the colony, so he continued to explore areas nearby. On July 4, he set sail again and later found Central America. In January 1503, he reached Panama and found a small amount of gold but was forced out of the area by those who lived there. After encountering numerous problems, Columbus set sail for Spain on November 7, 1504. After he arrived there, he settled with his son in Seville. Death After Queen Isabella died on November 26, 1504, Columbus tried to regain his governorship of Hispaniola. In 1505, the king allowed him to petition but did nothing. One year later, Columbus became ill, and he died on May 20, 1506. Legacy Because of his discoveries, Columbus is often venerated, notably in the Americas where places such as the District of Columbia bear his name and where many people celebrate Columbus Day. Despite this fame, however, Columbus was not the first to visit the Americas. Long before Columbus, various indigenous peoples had settled and explored different areas of the Americas. In addition, Norse explorers had already visited portions of North America. Leif Ericson is believed to have been the first European to visit the area and set up a settlement in the northern portion of Canadas Newfoundland some 500 years before the arrival of Columbus. Columbuss major contribution to geography is that he was the first to visit and settle in these new lands, effectively bringing a new area of the world to the forefront of the popular imagination. Sources Morison, Samuel Eliot.  The Great Explorers: the European Discovery of America. Oxford University Press, 1986.Phillips, William D., and Carla Rahn Phillips.  The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Quotes Attributed to Epictetus

Quotes Attributed to Epictetus Epictetus (A.D. c. 55 - c.135) To a reasonable creature, that alone is insupportable which is unreasonable; but everything reasonable may be supported.Epictetus - Discourses Chap. ii. The rational and the irrational are naturally different for different persons as are good and evil and profitable and unprofitable. For this reason we need to learn how to adjust our conceptions of rational and irrational and keep them in harmony with nature. When we determine the rational and the irrational we use both our estimates of external things and the criterion of our own character. This makes it most important that we understand ourselves. You must know how highly you value yourself and at what price you will sell yourself; different men sell themselves at different prices.Epictetus - Discourses 1.2Courtesy of translator Giles Laurà ©n, author of The Stoics Bible. When Vespasian sent word to Helvidius Priscus not to attend the Senate, he answered: It is in your power to forbid me to be a member of the Senate, but so long as I am one I must attend its meetings.Epictetus - Discourses 1.2.Courtesy of translator Giles Laurà ©n, author of The Stoics Bible. If every man could be convinced heart and soul in the belief that we are all begotten by Zeus, father to both men and gods, I think he could no longer have any ignoble or mean thought about himself. If Caesar adopts you no one will be able to endure your conceit, but if you know you are a son of Zeus shouldnt you be elated? Two elements are commingled in us: the body which we have in common with the brutes and intelligence which we have in common with the gods. Many of us incline towards the former which is unblessed and mortal and only a few incline towards the latter which is divine and blessed. Clearly, every man is free to deal with things according to his opinions of them, and those few who think that their birth is a call to fidelity, self-respect and unerring judgement cherish no mean or ignoble thoughts about themselves, whereas the multitude do quite the opposite and cleave to their animal part and become rascally and degraded.Epictetus - Discourses 1.3.Courtesy of translat or Giles Laurà ©n, author of The Stoics Bible. He who is making progress has learned that desire is for things good and that aversion is for things evil, and further, that peace and calm are only achieved as a man gets the things he wants and avoids the things he doesnt want. Since virtue is rewarded with happiness, calm and serenity, progress towards virtue is progress towards its benefits and this progress is always a step towards perfection.Epictetus - Discourses 1.4.Courtesy of translator Giles Laurà ©n, author of The Stoics Bible. In a word, neither death, nor exile, nor pain, nor anything of this kind is the real cause of our doing or not doing any action, but our inward opinions and principles.Epictetus - Discourses Chap xi. Reason is not measured by size or height, but by principle.Epictetus - Discourses Chap. xii. O slavish man! will you not bear with your own brother, who has God for his Father, as being a son from the same stock, and of the same high descent? But if you chance to be placed in some superior station, w ill you presently set yourself up for a tyrant?Epictetus - Discourses Chap. xiii. When you have shut your doors, and darkened your room, remember never to say that you are alone, for you are not alone; but God is within, and your genius is within, and what need have they of light to see what you are doing?Epictetus - Discourses Chap. xiv. No great thing is created suddenly, any more than a bunch of grapes or a fig. If you tell me that you desire a fig, I answer you that there must be time. Let it first blossom, then bear fruit, then ripen.Epictetus - Discourses Chap. xv. Any one thing in the creation is sufficient to demonstrate a Providence to an humble and grateful mind.Epictetus - Discourses Chap. xvi. Were I a nightingale, I would act the part of a nightingale; were I a swan, the part of a swan.Epictetus - Discourses Chap. xvi. Since it is Reason which shapes and regulates all other things, it ought not itself to be left in disorder.Epictetus - Discourses Chap. xvii. If what the philosophers say be true,that all mens actions proceed from one source; that as they assent from a persuasion that a thing is so, and dissent from a persuasion that it is not, and suspend their judgment from a persuasion that it is uncertain, so likewise they seek a thing from a persuasion that it is for their advantage.Epictetus - Discourses Chap. xviii. Practise yourself, for heavens sake, in little things; and thence proceed to greater.Epictetus - Discourses Chap xviii. Every art and every faculty contemplates certain things as its principal objects.Epictetus - Discourses Chap. xx. Why, then, do you walk as if you had swallowed a ramrod?Epictetus - Discourses Chap. xxi. When one maintains his proper attitude in life, he does not long after externals. What would you have, O man?Epictetus - Discourses Chap. xxi. Difficulties are things that show what men are.Epictetus - Discourses Chap. xxiv. If we are not stupid or insincere when we say that the good or ill of man lies within his own will, and that all beside is nothing to us, why are we still troubled?Epictetus - Discourses Chap. xxv. In theory there is nothing to hinder our following what we are taught; but in life there are many things to draw us aside.Epictetus - Discourses Chap. xxvi. Appearances to the mind are of four kinds. Things either are what they appear to be; or they neither are, nor appear to be; or they are, and do not appear to be; or they are not, and yet appear to be. Rightly to aim in all these cases is the wise mans task.Epictetus - Discourses. Chap. xxvii. Everything has two handles, one by which it may be borne; another by which it cannot.Epictetus - Enchiridion. xliii. When a man prides himself on being able to understand and interpret a difficult book, say to yourself: If the book had been well written this man would have nothing on which to pride himself.Epictetus - Encheiridon 49.Courtesy of translator Giles Laurà ©n, author of The Stoics Bible. My object is to understand and follow Nature, so I look for someone who understands her and I read his book. When I have found a man of understanding, it is not for me to praise his book but rather to act on his precepts.Epictetus - Encheiridon 49.Courtesy of translator Giles Laurà ©n, author of The Stoics Bible. Once you have fixed on you governing principles, you must hold them as laws that you cannot transgress. Pay no heed to what is said of you for it is beyond your control.Epictetus - Encheiridon 50.Courtesy of translator Giles Laurà ©n, author of The Stoics Bible. The appearanc e of things to the mind is the standard of every action to man.Epictetus - That we ought not to be angry with Mankind. Chap. xxviii. The essence of good and evil is a certain disposition of the will.Epictetus - Of Courage. Chap. xxix. It is not reasonings that are wanted now; for there are books stuffed full of stoical reasonings.Epictetus - Of Courage. Chap. xxix. For what constitutes a child? Ignorance. What constitutes a child? Want of instruction; for they are our equals so far as their degree of knowledge permits.Epictetus - That Courage is not inconsistent with Caution. Book ii. Chap. i. Appear to know only this, never to fail nor fall.Epictetus - That Courage is not inconsistent with Caution. Book ii. Chap. i. The materials of action are variable, but the use we make of them should be constant.Epictetus - How Nobleness of Mind may be consistent with Prudence. Chap. v. Shall I show you the muscular training of a philosopher? What muscles are those? A will undisappointed; evils avoided; powers daily exercised; careful resolutions; unerring decisions.Epictetus - Wherein consists the Essence of Good. Chap. viii. Dare to look up to God and say, Make use of me for the future as Thou wilt. I am of the same mind; I am one with Thee. I refuse nothing which seems good to Thee. Lead me whither Thou wilt. Clothe me in whatever dress Thou wilt.Epictetus - That we do not study to make Use of the established Principles concerning Good and Evil. Chap. xvi. What is the first business of one who studies philosophy? To part with self-conceit. For it is impossible for any one to begin to learn what he thinks that he already knows.Epictetus - How to apply general Principles to particular Cases. Chap. xvii. Every habit and faculty is preserved and increased by correspondent actions,as the habit of walking, by walking; of running, by running.Epictetus - How the Semblances of Things Are to Be Combated. Chap. xviii. Whatever you would make habitual, practise it; and if you would not make a thing habitual, do not practise it, but habituate yourself to something else.Epictetus - How the Semblances of Things Are t o Be Combated. Chap. xviii. Reckon the days in which you have not been angry. I used to be angry every day; now every other day; then every third and fourth day; and if you miss it so long as thirty days, offer a sacrifice of thanksgiving to God.Epictetus - How the Semblances of Things Are to Be Combated. Chap. xviii. What saith Antisthenes? Hast thou never heard? It is a kingly thing, O Cyrus, to do well and to be evil spoken of.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - VII Whereas if Caesar were to adopt you, your haughty looks would be intolerable; will you not be elated at knowing that you are the son of God?Epictetus - Golden Sayings - IX There is petrifaction of the understanding; and also of the sense of shame. This happens when a man obstinately refuses to acknowledge plain truths, and persists in maintaining what is self-contradictory.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - XXIII If what philosophers say of the kinship of God and Man be true, what remains for men to do but as Socrates did; never, when asked ones country, to answer, I am an Athenian or a Corinthian, but I am a citizen of the world.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - XV But there is a great difference between other mens occupations and ours. . . . A glance at theirs will make it clear to you. All day long they do nothing but calculate, contrive, consult how to wring their profit out of food-stuffs, farm-plots and the like. . . . Whereas, I entreat you to learn what the administration of the World is, and what place a Being endowed with reason holds therein: to consider what you are yourself, and wherein your Good and Evil consists.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - XXIV True instruction is this: to learn to wish that each thing should come to pass as it does. And how does it come to pass? As the Disposer has disposed it. Now He has disposed that there should be summer and winter, and plenty and dearth, and vice and virtue, and all such opposites, for the harmony of the whole.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - XXVI Concerning the Gods, there are who deny the very existence of the Godhead; others say that it exists, but neither bestirs nor concerns itself nor ha s forethought for anything. A third party attribute to it existence and forethought, but only for great and heavenly matters, not for anything that is on earth. A fourth party admit things on earth as well as in heaven, but only in general, and not with respect to each individual. A fifth, of whom were Ulysses and Socrates are those that cry: I move not without Thy knowledge!Epictetus - Golden Sayings - XXVIII You must know that it is no easy thing for a principle to become a mans own, unless each day he maintain it and hear it maintained, as well as work it out in life.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - XXX What you shun enduring yourself, attempt not to impose on others. You shun slavery beware of enslaving others! If you can endure to do that, one would thing you had been once upon a time a slave yourself. For Vice has nothing in common with virtue, nor Freedom with slavery.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - XLI Above all, remember that the door stands open. Be not more fearful than children; but as they, when they weary of the game, cry, I will play no more, even so, when thou art in the like case, cry, I will play no more and depart. But if thou stayest, make no lamentation.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - XLIV Death has no terror; only a Death of shame!Epictetus - Golden Sayings - LV That was a good reply which Diogenes made to a man who asked him for letters of recommendation. That you are a man , he will know when he sees you; whether a good or bad one, he will know if he has any skill in discerning the good or bad. But if he has none, he will never know, though I write him a thousand times.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - LVII God is beneficent. But the Good also is beneficent. It should seem then that where the real nature of God is, there too is to be found the real nature of the Good. What then is the real nature of God?Intelligence, Knowledge, Right Reason. Here then without more ado seek the real nature of the Good. For surely thou dost not seek it in a plant or in an animal that reasoneth not.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - LIX Why, wert thou a statue of Phidias, an Athena or a Zeus, thou wouldst bethink thee both of thyself and thine artificer; and hadst thou any sense, thou wouldst strive to do no dishonour to thyself or him that fashioned thee, nor appear to beholders in unbefitting guise. But now, because God is thy Maker, is that why thou carest not of what sort thou shalt show thyself to be?Epictetus - Golden Sayings - LXI Since then every one must deal with each thing according to the view which he forms about it, those few who hold that they are born for fidelity, modesty, and unerring sureness in dealing with the things of sense, never conceive aught base or ignoble of themselves: but the multitude the contrary.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - IX You also must show the unlearned man the truth, and you will see that he will follow. But so long as you do not show it him, you should not mock, but rather feel your own incapacity.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - LXIII It was the first and most striking characteristic of Socrates never to become heated in discourse, never to utter an injurious or insulting word on the contrary, he persistently bore insult from others and thus put an end to the fray.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - LXIV When we are invited to a banquet, we take what is set before us; and were one to call upon his host to set fish upon the table or sweet things, he would be deemed absurd. Yet in a word, we ask the Gods for what they do not give; and that, although they have given us so many things!Epictetus - Golden Sayings - XXXV Knowest thou what a speck thou art in comparison with the Universe? That is, with respect to the body; since with respect to Reason, thou art not inferior to the Gods, nor less than they. For th e greatness of Reason is not measured by length or height, but by the resolves of the mind. Place then thy happiness in that wherein thou art equal to the Gods.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - XXIII Who would Hercules have been had he loitered at home? no Hercules, but Eurystheus. And in his wanderings through the world how many friends and comrades did he find? but nothing dearer to him than God. Wherefore he was believed to be Gods son, as indeed he was. So then in obedience to Him, he went about delivering the earth from injustice and lawlessness.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - LXXI The reason why I lost my lamp was that the thief was superior to me in vigilance. He paid however this price for the lamp, that in exchange for it he consented to become a thief: in exchange for it, to become faithless.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - XII No labour, according to Diogenes, is good but that which aims at producing courage and strength of soul rather than of body.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - LXII But thou art not Hercules, thou sayest, and canst not deliver others from their iniquitynot even Theseus, to deliver the soil of Attica from its monsters? Purge away thine own, cast forth thencefr om thine own mind, not robbers and monsters, but Fear, Desire, Envy, Malignity, Avarice, Effeminacy, Intemperance.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - LXXI If a man would pursue Philosophy, his first task is to throw away conceit. For it is impossible for a man to begin to learn what he has a conceit that he already knows.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - LXXII The question at stake, said Epictetus, is no common one; it is this: Are we in our senses, or are we not?Epictetus - Golden Sayings - LXXIV One who has had fever, even when it has left him, is not in the same condition of health as before, unless indeed his cure is complete. Something of the same sort is true also of diseases of the mind. Behind, there remains a legacy of traces and blisters: and unless these are effectually erased, subsequent blows on the same spot will produce no longer mere blisters, but sores. If you do not wish to be prone to anger, do not feed the habit; give it nothing which may tend its increase.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - LXXV No man can rob us of our Willno man can lord it over that!Epictetus - Golden Sayings - LXXXIII Wouldst thou have men speak good of thee? speak good of them. And when thou hast learned to speak good of them, try to do good unto them, and thus thou wilt reap in return their speaking good of thee.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - L The beginning of philosophy is to know the condition of ones own mind. If a man recognises that this is in a weakly state, he will not then want to apply it to questions of the greatest moment. As it is, men who are not fit to swallow even a morsel, buy whole treatises and try to devour them. Accordingly they either vomit them up again, or suffer from indigestion, whence come gripings, fluxions, and fevers. Whereas they should have stopped to consider their capacity.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - XLVI In theory it is easy to convince an ignorant person: in actual life, men not only object to offer themselves to be convinced, but hate the man who has convinced them. Whereas Socrates used to say that we should never lead a life not subjected to examination.Epictetus - Golden Sayings - XLVII

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 7

Auditing - Essay Example 2). Inventories should always be stated at the lower cost and the market prices or the net realizable value. The net realizable value is the amount that the asset can fetch as at the reporting date, less the estimated costs required to complete the transaction. These could include selling costs and overhead costs. The values stated in the inventories of Abbey Plc. in the annual report for the year 2014 should be tested adequately to ensure that they are the correct market values of such inventories. Fixed assets are critical items, which the auditor should ascertain and ensure that values attached to them are their correct fair values to be disclosed to the shareholders (Rittenberg et al. 2011, p. 626). Disclosing the values of the fixed assets in excess of their correct fair values would make the financial statements to be overstated; thus provide shareholders with a wrong financial position of their company. Trade and other receivables should be recognized and carried at the lower cost of their original invoiced value and the recoverable amount. In case the time value of money is material, receivables should be carried at the amortized cost. The company should make provisions in situations where there is some adequate evidence that the amount would not be recovered in full. The balances should be written off when the chances of recovery are assessed as being remote (Henning et al. 2007, p. 313). Adequate audit procedures should be done to ensure that the company did not make too much or too little provision to cater for trade and other receivables, which could not be recovered. Also, before writing off bad debts, all the relevant procedures should be followed since some managers may decide to write off debts, which could not be written off with the objective of hiding the correct amount of revenue collected by the company